Dark matter can be made from black holes from another universe

A recent cosmological model combines two of the most eccentric ideas in contemporary physics to explain the nature of dark matter, the invisible substance that makes up about 85 percent of all matter in the universe. To understand this, it is necessary to go beyond the big bang we all know and consider two concepts that rarely intersect: cyclic universes and primordial black holes.

A different kind of multiverse

There are different versions of the “multiverse.” The most popular model – that of the Marvel Cinematic Universe – suggests that there are as many universes as there are possibilities and that these versions of reality are parallel. Physics suggests something more sober and mathematically consistent: the cosmic reflection.

In this model, the universe is not born from a singularity, but expands, contracts, and expands again in an endless cycle. Each “universe” is not parallel, but sequential – that is, one arises from the axis of the previous one.

Is it possible for something to survive the end of its universe and endure into the next? According to a newspaper published in Physical review Dyes. Author Enrique Gaztanaga, a research professor at the Institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona, ​​​​shows that any structure larger than about 90 meters can go through the final collapse of a universe and survive the blowback. These “remnants” would not only persist, but could also cause the formation of giant, unexplained structures observed in the early stages of the present-day universe. Furthermore, they may be the key to understanding dark matter.

For decades, the dominant explanation for dark matter was that it was an unknown particle or particles. But after years of experiments without direct detection, physicists began exploring alternatives. One of them suggests that dark matter is not an exotic particle, but an abundant population of tiny black holes that we overlook.

The idea is tempting, but it has a serious problem. For these black holes to explain dark matter, they would have to exist from the earliest moments of the universe, long before the first stars could collapse. There are indications that these objects may exist, but a convincing physical mechanism to explain their origin is lacking.

A universe born with black holes

This is where Gaztanaga’s newly proposed model shines. If cosmic reflection allowed compact structures to survive the collapse of the previous universe, then the current universe would have already been born with pre-existing black holes. They should not have been generated by extreme fluctuations or finely tuned inflationary processes, but simply would have been there from the first moment.

The assumption has the potential to solve two mysteries at once: the origin of black holes and the nature of dark matter. If this model is correct, dark matter would not be a mystery of the early universe, but rather a legacy of a cosmos that is our own.

“Much work remains to be done,” Gaztanaga, also a researcher at the Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation at the University of Portsmouth, said in an article for The Conversation. “These ideas need to be tested against data – from gravitational wave backgrounds to galaxy surveys and precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background.”

“But the possibility is great,” he added. “The universe may not have started once, but it may have recovered. And the dark structures that form galaxies today may be remnants of a time before the Big Bang.”

This story originally appeared in WIRED in Spanish and was translated from Spanish.